Grandfather's War – Clifford A. “Kip” Christensen in World War II

November 21, 2019 is the 100^th anniversary of the birth of my maternal grandfather, Clifford Alvin “Kip” Christensen. This seems a good moment to recount what we know about his service in World War II. All who knew him agree that his service in Europe marked him profoundly. The horrors of war shook a young man who was intelligent and charismatic, but who had a dark turn of mind, and a weakness for drink that brought out a mean streak in his character. 

When my grandparents, Kip Christensen (1919-1972) and Audrey Radloff (1921-2000), married in Chicago in May 1941, the future must have seemed bright for them. A handsome couple with movie star looks, of which they were more than a little bit vain, they had come through the worst of the depression trusting that hard work would see them through.

Wedding photo, May 1941, Chicago, IL

Less than one year later, the young couple suffered the hard blow of a son born to live only one week. The infant Rodney died on April 16, 1942. Kip traveled by train from Chicago to Waupaca with a small white coffin on his lap, taking his son home to be buried.

Possibly looking for a fresh start, Kip and Audrey moved to Detroit, Michigan in the summer of 1942, along with thousands of others, as the city and its automobile industry transformed itself to become America's wartime manufacturing powerhouse. Ford Motor Company's gigantic Willow Run Plant alone would employ more than 40,000 at one time and would produce 8,865 heavy B-24 Liberator bomber aircraft by the end of the war. Tensions in the crowded city exploded into violence between blacks and whites for about 24 hours in June 1943, until federal troops enforced order. 

February, 1943, Detroit, MI

On November 29, 1943, Just over a week after Kip's twenty-fourth birthday, he reported to the Recruit Reception Center at Fort Sheridan in Lake Forest, IL. Just a few days later, he was shipped out to the Field Artillery Replacement Training Center at Camp Roberts, CA. He spent several months there, qualifying to be a Cook and to operate the Army's field artillery pieces.

Fort Sheridan, Lake Forest, IL, November, 1943

Camp Roberts, CA, 1944

Training as a Cook earned Kip a Technician, 4^th Class (or Tec-4) Rank, allowing him to be paid as – and addressed as – Sergeant. The Tec-4 patch (see inset in photo with overalls) has three chevrons and a letter “T”.

Artillery Training at Camp Roberts, CA, 1944

In April, 1944, Kip was assigned to the 97^th Infantry (Trident) Division, 365^th Field Artillery Battalion, and ordered to report to Fort Leonard Wood, MO by May 10, 1944.

Kip's assignment to the 97^th Infantry Division at Fort Leonard Wood, MO.

Here is the uniform shoulder patch of the 97^th Infantry Division – the Trident:

The 97^th Infantry Division crossed the submarine-infested Atlantic Ocean during the final week of February, 1945, arriving at Le Havre, France on the first day of March. After staging at Camp Lucky Strike, France, the Trident Division crossed into Germany on March 28, 1945, passing near the devastated town of Aachen.

The 97^th arrived in time to participate in one of the last major battles of the war in Europe – The Battle of the Ruhr Pocket. During the first two weeks of April, 1945, German Army Group B, with about 350,000 troops under the command of Field Marshal Walther Model, was encircled and defeated. Seventeen American divisions, including the 97^th, were part of this climactic effort.

 Trident Division Campaign Maps, April 1-18, 1945

With German forces dissolving between the 16^th and the 18^th of April – more than 300,000 German troops surrendered to become POWs – the battle of the Ruhr Pocket was over, and the 97^th Infantry Division was redeployed. The Trident Division was moved to the German-Czechoslovakian border to hold down the left flank of the U.S. Third Army as it moved south and east through Germany and Austria. The 97^th Division's first objective was to take the city of Cheb, Czechoslovakia.

As preparations for invading Czechoslovakia went forward, the Flossenburg concentration camp was discovered within the Division's sector of control. When troops of the 90^th Infantry Division discovered the camp on April 23, 1945, approximately 2,000 weak and ill prisoners remained in the camp, and unburied corpses lay on the ground. The Nazi SS (Schutzstaffel), which ran the camp to house political prisoners, Jews and others, had been evacuating the camp as U.S. Army forces closed in during April, 1945. They forced prisoners on a 125-mile death march south to a German-controlled camp near the village of Posing. 

According the U.S. Army's website history of the camp's liberation (link below):

The 97th Division performed many duties at the camp upon its liberation. They assisted the sick and dying, buried the dead, interviewed former prisoners and helped gather evidence against former camp officers and guards for the upcoming war crimes trials.

I do not know what duties my grandfather was called upon to perform. As a child, I was told or came to understand that he had taken part in the liberation of a German concentration camp, and that it gave him nightmares for the rest of his life.

One more quote from the U.S. Army website history of the liberation:

One eyewitness U.S. Soldier, Sgt. Harold C. Brandt, a veteran of the 11th Armored Division, who was on hand for the liberation of not just one but three of the camps, Flossenburg, Mauthausen, and Gusen, when queried many years after the war on his part in liberating them, stated that "it was just as bad or worse than depicted in the movies and stories about the Holocaust. . . . I can not describe it adequately. It was sickening. How can other men treat other men like this'"

With operations in Czechoslovakia between April 25 and May 7, 1945, the 97^th Infantry Division was involved in some of the final hostile actions to take place in the European Theater of war. The Division met uneven resistance – at times almost none at all; at times, quite determined – as it drove to take Cheb from April 26^th through 28^th, 1945 and Pilsen on May 6, 1945. On May 7, all forces were ordered to halt offensive actions in expectation of the acceptance of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany's forces on May 8, 1945, known now as V-E Day (Victory in Europe). 

Trident Division campaign map – final days of war in Europe

Kip Christensen, Camp Old Gold, France, June, 1945

After a brief stay at Camp Old Gold, near Yerville, France, the 97^th Infantry Division sailed on the S.S. Brazil troopship. They arrived at Camp Shanks, near Nyack, NY on June 24, 1945 and were granted thirty-day furloughs. The Division was to be redeployed to the Pacific for the expected invasion of Japan, but the destruction of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic weapons led to Japan's surrender on September 2, 1945. Elements of the 97^th Infantry Division did participate in the occupation of Japan, but Kip Christensen was not among them. He was given an honorable discharge from Division Headquarters at Camp San Luis Obispo, CA on October 22, 1945. 

 

Military Service Milestones for Clifford A Christensen:

29 NOV 1943 – Enlistment – Recruit Reception Center, Fort Sheridan, Lake Forest, IL.

DEC 1943 – Field Artillery Replacement Training Center, Camp Roberts, CA for training on cook duties and in use of 105mm howitzer artillery.

MAY 1944 – Assigned to 97^th Infantry Division (Trident Division), 365^th Field Artillery Battalion, Special Services Battery, Fort Leonard Wood, MO.

JUL 1944 – Earmarked for assignment to the Pacific Theater, Division relocated to Camp San Luis Obispo, CA for training in amphibious landing operations.

SEP 1944 – Division relocated to Camp Cooke, CA for further amphibious training.

DEC 1944 – Heavy losses to American forces in the Battle of the Bulge cause Division to be reassigned to European Theater.

1 MAR 1945 – Division arrives Le Havre, France; proceeds to Camp Lucky Strike staging area.

28 MAR 1945 – Division crosses into Germany west of the city of Aachen.

1 APR – 18 APR 1945 – Battle of the Ruhr Pocket.

23 APR – 30 APR 1945 – Troops of the 90^th and 97^th Infantry Division liberate the Flossenburg Concentration Camp near the border of Germany and Czechoslovakia.

23 APR – 6 MAY 1945 – 97^th Infantry Division redeployed to German-Czechoslovakian border to hold left flank of U.S. Third Army's drive into southeastern Germany and Austria.

7 MAY 1945 – All American forces in Europe ordered to halt offensive action.

8 MAY 1945 – Allied forces accept unconditional surrender of its armed forces by Nazi Germany (Victory in Europe, or V-E Day).

Late MAY to mid-JUN, 1945 – Camp Old Gold, near Yerville, France.

24 JUN, 1945 – Division arrives at Camp Shanks, near Nyack, NY on the troopship S.S. Brazil; granted thirty-day furlough.

22 OCT 1945 – Honorable discharge; Camp San Luis Obispo, CA 

Internet resources consulted in researching this post: 

The 97th Infantry Division During World War II (http://www.97thdivision.com/historyp1.html) Accessed 9 NOV 2019.

Dabrowsky, John R., Colonel, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center. “U.S. Army Liberates Flossenburg Concentration Camp.” U.S. Army. https://www.army.mil/article/8441/us_army_liberates_flossenburg_concentration_camp. 11 APR 2008, Accessed 10 NOV 2019.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. “Encircling the Ruhr.” The Holocaust Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/encircling-the-ruhr. Accessed on 9 NOV 2019.

EXTRA!! WOMAN KILLED BY TRAIN -- The life and shocking death of Caroline Christensen

 

Caroline Christensen (1842-1922) was my great-great grandmother. She was born in Denmark and there married Jens P. Christensen in 1868. They and their three sons -- Lauritz Marinius, Christen Norgaard, and Christian Andrew -- emigrated to Waupaca, Wisconsin in 1888.

Family lore has it that, on the afternoon of Thursday, October 26, 1922, Caroline set off to visit her friend, Mrs. Hanley, who lived across the railroad tracks from her home; and that her deafness likely contributed to the accident that killed her when she was hit by the Soo Line passenger train, No. 2. 

Here are the newspaper stories published about the accident and her obituary:

Grandfather’s War – Donald M Duwe in World War II

In the summer and fall of 1941, when my grandparents, Donald M. (1911-1980) and Itola F. (1920-1990) Duwe, were starting their married life and a new business in Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, war was probably not much on their minds. There was war in Europe, of course, but that was far away. However, less than two months after they announced their ownership of The Home Bakery, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor and the United States was in the war.

Itola F. and Donald M. Duwe wedding photo – 14 June 1941

When the U.S. Army called in December 1942, Donald left his life in Sturgeon Bay behind and enlisted in Milwaukee.

For his skills as a baker, the army ranked him a T-5, or Tec-5, which allowed him to be paid at the level of a Corporal. He was assigned to the U.S. Army’s 36^th Infantry Division, 132^nd Field Artillery Battalion, Battery C., which mobilized 105mm howitzers pulled by trucks in the field. Like the rest of the 36^th Infantry Division, the 132^nd FA was mostly made up of men from Texas. The roster of the 132nd FA, Battery C. (page 135, faint but readable) shows many of its members came from Weatherford, Texas, which had a population of about 6,000 in 1940 (about 30,000 today).

 105mm howitzer artillery piece pulled by truck in Africa ca 1942-43. 

Source: Library of Congress - http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/fsa.8e00437/

Here are the unit and rank patches that Donald Duwe would have worn on his uniform:

 

 Source of 36^th Inf Div nickname “T-patchers”

 Tec-5 patch

Here is a brief summary of history of the 132^nd Field Artillery’s service in World War II. For the full history of the unit, beginning with its formation in Texas in 1917, please see the link below to the Texas Military Forces Museum’s web site:

WORLD WAR II:  The Regiment was called to federal service as part of the 36th Infantry Division on 25 November, 1940 and arrived at Camp Bowie, Brownwood, on 11 Jan 1941. Reorganized 31 January, 1942, with 1st Bn becoming the 132d FA Battalion (105 mm Truck) and the 2d Bn becoming the 155 FA Battalion (105 mm Truck), trained with the 36th Division, moved to Camp Blanding, Florida and Camp Edwards, Massachusetts. At Camp Edwards, the 155th was redesignated as a 155 Howitzer Battalion, transferring its weapons to the 133d Field. The regiment departed from New York for North Africa on 2 Apr 1943.

North Africa / Salerno / Anzio / Southern France / Vosges: After staging in North Africa, the unit — assigned as direct support for the 142d Infantry, landed in the assault at Salerno 9 September, 1943 and fought the bloody battles up the boot of Italy until relieved, retrained and committed to reinforce the Anzio assault on 22 May, 1944. Later the unit made a third amphibious landing in Southern France, 15 August, 1944, and fought with the 36th during the later months of the war, ending the war on the German-Austrian border area. The unit was returned to the United States and demobilized in December, 1945 at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia.

World War II Campaign Streamers:  Naples-Foggia, Anzio, Rome-Arno, Southern France, Ardennes, Alsace, Central Europe. Croix de Guerre with Palm, World War II, "VOSGES".

After the war, Donald Duwe returned to Sturgeon Bay to make another try at running a bakery. The bakery business lasted about three years, before he sold out and moved the family to Milwaukee, then to Cudahy, Wisconsin. In Milwaukee, he took up factory work, which he would perform until retirement.

Resources:  

The best place to start learning about the role of the 36^th Infantry Division in WWII is the page presented by the Texas Military Forces Museum: History of the 36th Infantry Division.   
That same web site also presents a page about the Lineage and Honors of the 132nd Field Artillery Regiment / Battalion.

Ethel May RADLOFF (nee DAVIES) at age 96 (1981) - in her own voice

From left to right, Frank RADLOFF, Ethel May RADLOFF (née DAVIES), Audrey CHRISTENSEN (née RADLOFF), Harold RADLOFF, Adeline RADLOFF, Wilma SHANKLIN (née RADLOFF); Waupaca, Wisconsin; February 1943. (Howard RADLOFF is absent from photo, probably away in military service at that date)

In the early 1980s, my grandmother and her sisters pinpointed me as the young person in the family most likely to be interested in the family history. In August, 1981, my great-Aunts Adeline AYRES and Wilma SHANKLIN (both née RADLOFF) were inspired to record their mother, Ethel May RADLOFF (née DAVIES) telling about her life, and to send the audiocassette to me.

Here is a brief audio clip (.MP3 format) of my great-grandmother telling about her life at age 96:

Family Photo Comes "Home" (Thanks to a Good Samaritan)

Have you ever seen an old photograph in an auction or antique store and felt a pang of sadness because family treasures had become lost to people who would care for them? I have recently come into contact with two people who try to restore those lost artifacts to people or places where they will be valued. 

As Director of the Oshkosh Public Library in Wisconsin, I recently received three letters that had been written in the 1860s by an area farmer to his mother in Michigan. The man who sent them visits sales and antique stores, purchases "orphaned" historical artifacts such as photos and letters, and tries to find suitable homes for them. While the Oshkosh Public Library does not collect such artifacts, our Local History Librarian will offer them to the historical society of the city where the letter writer lived.

A short time after receiving the 19th century letters in my professional role as a library director, I again encountered someone whose hobby is to help historic artifacts find their way to good "homes," although this time I had a personal interest in the matter. Through my account on Ancestry.com, I received the following message one day in May 2018:

Hello, I came across a photo at an antique store in Appleton that states on the back: Grandma & Grandpa Christensen, Property of E.J. Christensen. Matches up with the photo of Jens Christensen on your tree and includes who I think may be Caroline Sorensen. If interested, I can send it to you.

 Of course, I immediately expressed my interest. As it turns out, I pass by the fellow's workplace every day as I commute to and from my own work. We made arrangement for me to pay for the photo (he would accept only what he paid) and to pick it up. 

So, one morning in June, 2018, I stopped by the security desk of his workplace and, for the first time, got to see a photo of both my great-great grandparents together.

Here is the photo of Jens Peter Christensen and his wife Caroline Josephine (nee Sorensen), who immigrated in 1888 from their home near Aalborg, Denmark to Waupaca County in Wisconsin:

And here is the photo of Jens from his profile on my Ancestry.com family tree, which my Good Samaritan saw and recognized in the photo he had purchased:

When I carried my new acquisition and my story to the Christensen family reunion in Waupaca, Wisconsin on June 24, 2018, I was just a little anxious that fifteen people would see it and say "Oh, yes, I have a copy of that photo." I was glad to learn that there is at least one copy of the photo already in the family, but that my "treasure" was also a welcome addition. 

Clara Petersen, Army Nurse Corps, World War I - UPDATE June 2018

On a recent trip to celebrate our wedding anniversary in Madison, Wisconsin, Caroline and I were on Capitol Square and decided to visit the Wisconsin Veterans Museum. Pleasantly surprised that admission was free, we became immediately absorbed in the first gallery exhibition about Wisconsin in the U.S. Civil War, 1861 - 1865. We were fascinated by the information about the effects of injury and disease upon the soldiers in that war.

Moving on to the next gallery, we saw that it contained a temporary exhibition, remembering the contributions of  Wisconsin men and women in World War One:

 WWI BEYOND THE TRENCHES: 

Stories from the Front

My eye was immediately drawn to the far wall of the exhibition gallery, and the red cross flag, in a display of information about Wisconsin women who served as nurses in World War One.

Moving closer, I looked at the nurse's uniform, cap and boots in a display case posed before a stretcher.  Glancing at the wall, I saw this exhibit label:

Imagine my surprise and pride to see the service of my great-great Aunt, Clara C. Petersen, honored in this centennial exhibition of "The Great War."

Here are some other images from the display on Wisconsin nurses in that war:

 

The woman pictured below is Madison native Helen Bulovsky, who worked at Base Hospital #22, just outside of Bordeaux, France, in an area called the Beau Desert (Beautiful Desert). The nurse's cap and boots in the uniform display belonged to her.

This exhibition will be on display until July 13, 2020. 

My original blog post about Clara C. Petersen's service in World War One may be found here.

 

Clara Petersen, Army Nurse Corps, World War I

Clara Petersen (1886-1966) was two years old when her young mother died, leaving father Robert to work the farm near Elba, Nebraska and to raise four daughters, aged 7 to 2. Clara grew to be a strong, independent woman. Trained as a Red Cross nurse, at age 31 Clara volunteered for service in the Army Nurse Corps.

The Wisconsin Veterans Museum in Madison holds, among its collections, Clara's uniform and medical kit. When she donated those items, she wrote the following statement about her service:

”I was a member of Base Hosp. 11 which was a Chicago Unit comprised of Augustana St. Mary and St. Joseph nurses and doctors. I was on duty at Camp Upton, Long Island (New York) 3 months before going overseas. While there I was on duty with Base Hospital 11 from August 25, 1918 til January 15, 1919 and transported to Evacuation Hospital 28 which took over the Base 11 when their personnel was sent back to the States. I was with Evac. 28 until they closed about June 1, 1919, returned here in July. While in France stationed at Base Section 5 at Grand Blottereau”.

From the museum's searchable online artifacts collection, here is Clara's hat:

  

and medical kit:

  

Clara continued to care for the health needs of veterans, working at the National Military Home at Wood in Milwaukee during the 1930s. Her Christensen nephews remembered her as their "rich aunt," because she always drove a late model car. With a sister, she invested in rental property in California, where she died in 1966. 

Sources:

• MacDonald, Lyn. The Roses of no man's land: nurses on the Western front. London, England : Penguin books, 2013. Your local public library's interlibrary loan service can help you borrow a copy of this book if you are interested in this topic.

•  United States World War I Centennial Commission 

• wisvetsmuseum.com (To see more photographs of Clara's uniform, go to Collections->Search Collections->Collections Database->Advanced Search by Name of Clara Petersen).

• Portrait from: Yellowstone County, Montana, in the world war, 1917-1918-1919, by William W. Gail.